Testing assumptions and procedures to empirically predict bare plot soil loss in a Mediterranean environment          下载免费PDF全文

V. Bagarello  V. Ferro  V. Pampalone 《水文研究》2015,29(10):2414-2424

Empirical prediction of soil erosion has both scientific and practical importance. This investigation tested USLE and USLE‐based procedures to predict bare plot soil loss at the Sparacia area, in Sicily. Event soil loss per unit area, A_e, did not vary appreciably with plot length, λ, because the decrease in runoff with λ was offset by an increase in sediment concentration. Slope steepness, s, had a positive effective on A_e, and this result was associated with a runoff coefficient that did not vary appreciably with s and a sediment concentration generally increasing with s. Plot steepness did not have a statistically detectable effect on the calculations of the soil erodibility factor of both the USLE, K, and the USLE‐M, K_UM, models, but a soil‐independent relationship between K_UM and K was not found. The erosivity index of the USLE‐MM model performed better than the erosivity index of the Central and Southern Italy model. In conclusion, the importance of an approach allowing soil loss predictions that do not necessarily increase with λ was confirmed together with the usability of already established and largely applied relationships to predict steepness effects. Soil erodibility has to be determined with reference to the specific mathematical scheme and conversion between different schemes seems to need taking into account the soil characteristics. The USLE‐MM shows promise for further developments. The evolutionary concept applied in the development of the USLE should probably be rediscovered to improve development of soil erosion prediction tools. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Above‐ground and below‐ground Salix dynamics in response to river processes          下载免费PDF全文

N. Pasquale  P. Perona  R. Francis  P. Burlando 《水文研究》2014,28(20):5189-5203

Riparian vegetation influences hydraulic and morphodynamic river processes and may contribute to sediment stabilization. In turn, vegetation recruitment and growth on non‐cohesive fluvial deposits strongly depends on river hydrology and the ability of roots to develop and to anchor efficiently to resist flow erosion. In this paper, we examine the above‐ground and the below‐ground seasonal growth dynamics of Salix cuttings in relation to local river hydrodynamics and morphodynamics, on the basis of a detailed and unique data set. During the two season‐long campaigns in 2009 and 2010, 1188 and 1152 cuttings, respectively, were organized in square plots and planted on a gravel island of the restored reach of the River Thur (Neunforn, Thurgau, Switzerland). Each year, all cuttings were monitored almost regularly from the beginning until the end of the growing season (April–September). Root development statistics were also obtained from high‐resolution scanner analysis of carefully uprooted samples from selected plots. Our results show how cutting survival and the nature and strength of correlations between island topography and cutting growth statistics depend on river hydrology. An empirical functional form that links root development based on the measured main stem length is then proposed for predictive purposes. Cutting mortality following flood events is shown to depend nonlinearly on both erosion and deposition processes, whereas it appears more linearly related to the magnitude of the bed shear stress distribution generated by the maximum seasonal flood. This analysis allows an identification of an important threshold for plant survival within different erosion and deposition regimes, which explains the spatial and temporal distribution of the surviving cuttings within the plots. These results have practical implications, for instance, for evaluating, planning and managing the use of riparian trees in restoration projects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中国东北地区植被生产力控制因素分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

周玉科 《地理学报》2020,75(1):53-67

植被生长季长度和生长强度是形态上影响植被生产力变化的重要因子。全球变暖情景下,北半球中高纬度大部分地区植被生长季显著延长并对植被生产力产生正向反馈,而植被生长强度变化情形及对生产力的控制作用并不清晰。中国东北地区属于中纬度温带地区,具有较高的植被覆盖度和丰富的植被类型,探索其植被生长季长度和强度的变化及对生产力的控制作用有利于理解和应对该地区的生态系统变化。以中国东北为研究区,基于1982—2015年长时序遥感植被指数数据（NDVI3g）,利用曲率求导法确定植被生长季开始点（SOS）、结束点（EOS）、生长季长度（LOS）和夏季最大生长季强度（GM）等关键物候参数,然后利用相对重要性（RI）方法定量分析了生长季长度和强度对植被生产力长期变化趋势的相对贡献及时空格局。结果表明：① 研究区整体的植被生产力和生长强度呈现增强趋势,而生长季长度呈现缩短趋势,导致生长强度成为控制生产力变化趋势的主要因素（RI = 70%）;② 在不同植被覆盖区域,生长季长度和生长强度对生产力的影响程度具有显著的空间差异。西部草原区植被生产力受生长强度控制最为显著（RI = 93%）,其次为针叶林（RI = 66%）和阔叶林区（RI = 62%）,农作物区生产力受生长强度影响最小（RI = 56%）。生长季长度对植被生产力的控制在农作物区最为显著（RI = 40%）,在其他区域的影响约为27%~35%。各植被覆盖区生长强度与生产力均为正相关,生长季长度与生产力均为负相关;③ 气候因素（降水、温度）和物候变化均对主要贡献因子生长强度产生影响,其中SOS的变化对生长强度的影响程度和空间范围最为显著,主要表现为SOS推迟促进生长强度增强。本研究基于遥感数据发现1982—2015年间中国东北地区植被生长更加旺盛,但是植被生长活动主要受生长强度的影响,该研究可以为植被生产力变化模拟的参数选择提供新的线索。  相似文献   

基于现场实测的渤海风速特性研究     

张延涛  吕柏呈  武文华  孙刘璐 《海洋工程》2020,38(1):147-153

风荷载是影响海洋结构物设计和安全服役最为显著的环境因素之一。利用在役海洋平台监测系统对渤海风速场展开长期监测,获得了长期的风速信息。对极值风速进行分析,利用极值Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分布对风速极值的概率密度进行拟合。基于极值Ⅰ型概率分布,获得了渤海海域重现期为5 a、10 a、30 a和50 a的最大风速值。对年最大风速的脉动风分量、湍流强度、阵风因子进行了分析。考虑高频分量的影响,利用小波变换,得到了脉动风速的近似分量和细节分量,计算了实测风速的纵向和横向的空间积分尺度。对比经验脉动风谱与实测脉动风谱,证明了Davenport风速谱能够较好地拟合渤海现场风速场。  相似文献   

利用最优抵偿投影面算法限制GPS边长投影变形   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李祖锋  高建军  缪志选  张明山 《测绘工程》2010,19(1):75-77

为了限制GPS边长投影变形，可选择将边长归算至某一抵偿投影面上。基于抵偿投影原理，提出使控制网长度综合变形更小的最优抵偿投影面算法。通过实例验证，该方法在限制GPS边长投影变形方面优于其他方法。  相似文献   

Evaluating nitrate uptake in a Rocky Mountain stream using labelled 15N and ambient nitrate chemistry     

K. A. Hubbard Jr.  L. K. Lautz  M. J. Mitchell  B. Mayer  E. R. Hotchkiss 《水文研究》2010,24(23):3322-3336

Background aqueous chemistry and ¹⁵N_nitrate tracer injection methods were used to calculate in‐stream nitrate uptake metrics at Red Canyon Creek, a third‐order stream in the Rocky Mountains in the state of Wyoming, United States. ‘Net’ nitrate uptake lengths, which reflect both nitrate uptake and regeneration, and ‘gross’ nitrate uptake lengths, which exclude re‐mineralization, were quantified separately from background nitrate chemistry and ¹⁵N labelling tracer data, respectively. Gross nitrate uptake lengths, from tracer injections of ¹⁵N labelled nitrate, ranged from 502 to 3140 m. Net nitrate uptake lengths, from background nitrate chemistry downstream of a point source, ranged from 1170 to 4330 m. Diurnal changes in uptake lengths suggest the importance of nitrate utilization by autotrophs in the stream and benthic zone. The differences between net and gross nitrate uptake lengths along lower reaches of Red Canyon Creek allowed us to estimate the nitrate regeneration rate, which was 0·056–0·080 µmol m^?2 s^?1 during the day and 0·0062–0·0083 µmol m^?2 s^?1 at night. Spatial patterns of streambed pore water chemistry indicate those areas of the hyporheic zone where denitrification was likely occurring. Permanent log dams generated stronger redox gradients in the hyporheic zone than areas with transient beaver dams. By combining isotopically labelled nitrate additions, estimates of uptake from background aqueous nitrate chemistry and characterization of redox conditions in the hyporheic zone, we were able to determine the nitrate regeneration rate and the redox processes responsible for nitrogen cycling in the hyporheic zone. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中国明对虾核糖体ITS1序列分析及其在对虾科系统分析中的应用     

李玉龙  孔晓瑜  时伟  张艳春 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2010,40(3)

对采自不同群体的5个中国明对虾个体的核糖体RNA转录单元内间隔区1(ITS1)序列特点进行分析,并利用GeneBank数据库中已有的对虾科(Penaeidae)ITS1同源序列对对虾科虾类进行系统分析,探讨ITS1序列在对虾科系统及演化中的应用.结果表明,中国明对虾ITS1序列在个体间和个体内都表现出长度多态性,序列长度范围为637～652 bp,这种长度多态性主要是由于微卫星DNA简单重复序列的重复次数不同所造成.在中国明对虾ITS1序列中发现8个微卫星位点,根据目前已知的12种对虾的ITS1序列,发现某些微卫星位点只存于1种对虾中,如(CAGC)_(2-4)只存在于中国明对虾中,(CGGA)_(4-9)只存在于斑节对虾中,(GCGA)_4只存在于短沟对虾中.利用ITS1序列对12种对虾进行的系统分析表明,12种对虾分为4个类群,同种的不同个体,同属的不同种各自聚支,与形态分类比较吻合.对虾科属间遗传距离范围为0.313～0.977,平均值为0.633,远高于用线粒体基因片段得出的属间的遗传距离,支持将原对虾属的6个亚属提升为属的观点.  相似文献   

Effects of periodic fluctuations of micro‐polar boundary conditions on shear localizations in granular soil–structure interaction     

Babak Ebrahimian  Asadollah Noorzad  Mustafa I. Alsaleh 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(7):855-880

In this work, the interface behavior between an infinite extended narrow granular layer and a rough surface of rigid body is investigated numerically, using finite element method in the updated Lagrangian (UL) frame. In this regard, the elasto‐plastic micro‐polar (Cosserat) continuum approach is employed to remove the limitations caused by strain‐softening of materials in the classical continuum. The mechanical properties of cohesionless granular soil are described with Lade's model enhanced by polar terms, including Cosserat rotations, curvatures, and couple stresses. Furthermore, the mean grain diameter as the internal length is incorporated into the constitutive relations accordingly. Here, the evolution and location of shear band, within the granular layer in contact with the rigid body, are mainly focused. In this regard, particular attention is paid to the effects of homogeneous distribution and periodic fluctuation of micro‐polar boundary conditions, prescribed along the interface. Correspondingly, the effects of pressure level, mean grain diameter, and stratified soil are also considered. The finite element results demonstrate that the location and evolution of shear band in the granular soil layer are strongly affected by the non‐uniform micro‐polar boundary conditions, prescribed along the interface. It is found that the shear band is located closer to the boundary with less restriction of grain rotations. Furthermore, the predicted thickness of shear band is larger for higher rotation resistance of soil grains along the interface, larger mean grain diameter, and higher vertical pressure. Regarding the stratified soil, comprising a thin layer with slightly different initial void ratio, the shear band moves towards the layer with initially higher void ratio. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

FREEZE/THAW EFFECTS ON RILL AND GULLY EROSION IN THE NORTHWESTERN WHEAT AND RANGE REGION     

D. K. MCCOOL J. D. WILLIAMS 《国际泥沙研究》2005,20(3):202-210

Hydrology of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region （NWRR） of the Pacific Northwest USA is dominated by winter events. Fifty-five to sixty-five percent of the precipitation occurs from November through March, and formation of impermeable frost, intensified by excessive tillage and tillage pans, has long been a major factor in rill and gully formation in the region. Saturated zones can form above tillage pans, freeze solid, and significantly reduce infiltration. Frost heaved surface soils thaw and weaken with warming temperatures or rain. Under these conditions, runoff from rain or snowmelt or a combination of the two is inevitable, concentrating in rills and channels, and carrying with it the loosened soil. Slopes are frequently quite steep and there may be little deposition above the toe slope. Classical over-fall head-cut gullies are uncommon. Concentrated flow channels form because of collection of water from impervious areas such as conventionally tilled fall seeded small grains and bare grass seed fields. In some soils, gullies are created by seepage from saturated layers above permanent restrictive layers in the soil. Gullies can also result from terrace failures due to rodent burrows and low compaction at the time of construction. In naturally unconsolidated soil, rodent activity can lead to piping failures that remove large quantities of subsurface soil and can become gullies. Rill measurements on conventionally tilled fields in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho were used to determine coefficients for relationships between slope length and steepness and size of rills. This paper describes these studies and the results as well as analysis of long-term erosion and weather records from southeastern Washington.  相似文献   

北太平洋柔鱼生殖群体结构特征及繁殖生物学     

唐峰华  伍玉梅  樊伟 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,(Z2):72-78

根据2010年6～9月北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephe bartramii)渔业的现场调查资料,分析了北太平洋柔鱼胴长和体质量组成结构、性比、初次性成熟胴长、群体成熟度指数等等基础性的渔业生物学参数,阐述了该海域柔鱼的种群结构动态及繁殖生物学的特征。结果表明:各月北太平洋柔鱼生殖群体中雌性个体数量大于雄性,且雌性个体的平均胴长及体质量均显著大于雄性;生殖群体中雌、雄个体胴长与体质量关系的差异极为显著;相同胴长组下雄性个体的性成熟率要高于雌性;北太平洋柔鱼初次性成熟胴长ML50%♀为261.83 mm;ML50%♂为255.60 mm,雄性初次性成熟胴长显著小于雌性;东部海区(170°W～178°W)生殖群体比例及个体大小明显高于西部海区传统作业渔场(150°E～160°E)。判断东西部海区柔鱼是否是同一群体,还需要连续性的调查,进一步分析其成熟度随时间的变化及利用耳石信息分析技术来确定,还可以用微卫星技术测定分析以及标志放流法来判定,结论更为准确。  相似文献